4.15 GPartEd

• ➡️ is what I should choose in each step

✅ Menu of GPartEd

• just let it go, no need to choose, it will automatically choose the first option
• ➡️ first option is LIVE
• ⭐️ Live: use smth without installing

• GPartEd Live: use GPartEd without installing

• ❓ Why do we use GPartEd Live?
• to create partitions for the first time,
• without installing it

✅ Keymap

• keymap: keyboard distribution
• 👀 keyboard with ñ is a spanish keyboard
• ➡️ Don't touch keymap
• means application is using the standard keyboard that it finds

💡 How to screenshot in VM

• the screenshot shortcut do not work in VM
• use recortes tool

✅ Language

• language of the application
• ➡️ 33, means US English

✅ Mode

• mode of the application

✔️ There are two modes

• 1️⃣ command mode

• 2️⃣ graphic mode

• 💡 Rule: for administration, use command mode

• administration: creating user

• 💡 Rule: for design, use graphic mode
• as we are designing partitions, use graphic mode
• most linux applications have graphic mode by default

💡 Three enter access mode

• 👉🏻 Until here we pressed the enter key three times
• many linux profesisonal applications have a three enter access mode

✅ GPartEd screen

• after the three enters, the standard GPartEd screen will show up

• check the top right corner

• 1️⃣ check that the size of the disk is correct!
• it should be 100GB
• 2️⃣ check the direction of your disk
• make sure you are partitioning the vdi
• your vdi would be in direction /dev/sda
• this is your internal disk
• ⚠️ if it is /dev/sdb or /dev/sdc: then you are partitioning external disk

• 3️⃣ check the exclamation mark ⚠️
• exclamation mark: means you have to create the index
• in partitions, you create the index first, then the partitions

✅ Three embedded windows

• When we run any appliaction in a VM,

• we will see three windows

• 👉🏻 embedded windows

• internally: language of the application 👉🏻 English
• VM window: language of Virtual Box 👉🏻 Spanish
• Real machine window: language of the host OS

✅ Create the index

✔️ How to create the index

• menu device of GPartEd
• device > Create Partition Table

✔️ Name of partitions

• MBR 🟰 msdos
• msdos is the first OS that worked with MBR
• GPT
• ➡️ msdos

• after choosing your disk partition, the exclamation mark will be gone ⚠️

✅ Create partition

• when you want to create a partition
• always unallocated should be selected

• if not, the new partition you are creating will be created over the existing partition

• after selecting on unallocated,
• click on plus

✔️ Free space preceding(MiB):

• how much space you want before the partition
• ➡️ 0
• 0 means no wasted space before the partition
• ➡️ if 0 is not possible, 1

❓ Why is it a good idea to put 0 for free space preceding?

• because we do not want to waste space between the partitions
• you create holes
• and zombie cookies will try to go to that holes
• 👉🏻 to avoid holes, to avoid zombie cookies

• the holes do not belong to any partition, the antivirus cannot check those holes

• ⭐️ cookie: text files for saving preferences
• ⭐️ zombie cookie: changes location, and hides inside the holes, escaping antivirus, easily infect

❓ Why is it impossible to add a O?

• sometimes it is not possible, because of two reasons
• 1️⃣ to create Unit 0: need to save the index in unit 0, need some megabytes
• 2️⃣ to change format between partitions: from windows(NTFS) to linux(ext2,3,4)

✔️ New size(MiB):

• size of the partitions in MegaBytes
• from GB to MB, multiply by 1024

✔️ Free space following

• do not modify, automatically filled in
• space at the end of the disk

✔️ Align to

• leave as default

✔️ Create as

• type of partition
• primary, logical…

✔️ Partition name

• technical name of the partition
• it is chosen by default, not editable
• /dev/sda1,2,3...
• for the system, filled in automatically

✔️ File system

• format of the partition
• 👀 NTFS, ext4…

✔️ Label

• non technical name that the technician to give to the disk
• 👀 kernel, boot, data, tunnel…

✅ Primary partitions

1️⃣ Win10/32bits/MSR

• for booting windows

2️⃣ Win10/32bits/kernel

• for windows kernel

3️⃣ Linux18.04/32bits/kernel

• for lubuntu kernel

✅ Extended

• Extended partitions should be created before the logical partitions

❓ What should be the size of the external partition?

• 100GB - 300MB - 30GB - 15GB

• just select Create as as exteded, then the remaingin size will be automatically calculated

• ⚠️ space following the extended disk should be 0
• end of the disk should be 0
• so Free spae following should be 0, this is not reachable at the end, outside 3P+E
• Free Space should be 0
• 🤦🏻‍♀️ why create unreachable space?

❓ When we create the extended partition,
we accidently leave 200MB after/following the extended.
And we have legacy BIOS

- question A: Are they reachable with the legacy?
- No. Legacy can only reach 4 partitions

- question B: Are they reachable with the UEFI and the MBR disk?
- NO. They are more than 4

- question C: How can I reach the 200MB?
- 1️⃣ we change the MBR into GPT
- 2️⃣ need to extract the disk, connect it to the computer with the UEFI
- then we have UEFI and GPT
- now, we can finally reach the 200MB
- and reassign/put it inside the umbrella
- now, bring the disk back to the original computer

❓ What should be the file system of the external partition?
- extended

• Now, unallocated is inside the extended!

✅ Logicals

• Note: when you select inside the VM, do it slowly

✔️ Lubuntu18.04/32bits/boot

• for lubuntu to boot

✔️ Windows10/32bits/data

• version hopping

✔️ Lubuntu18.04/32bits/home

• for linux data

✔️ Lubuntu18.04/32bits/SWAP

• ❗️ attention: file-system is linux-swap

✔️ Tunneling

➡️ Final predesign

✅ Save the partitions

• click on the green tick
• unless clicking on the green tick, nothing is saved

• you can modify before clicking on the green tick

• if you make a mistake,
• you can only change sizes, posistion of the partition, format of the partition

• if you want to change other things, delete and create again

• if you made too many mistakes,
• better to delete and create again

✅ Bugs or spurious errors might appear

• error due to the real situation of the host at that moment
• not the technician, your fault
• at the moment of creating the partitions
• the host had other things to do

• so the host intercepted the VM

• 💊 go to the first partition that has a bug
• bugs appear with the exclamation mark ⚠️
• and delete from there onwards

• and start again

• If there was no errors
• the message All operations successfully completed must appear

✅ Enter details

• Then, enter ▶️ details
• mandatory to enter one of the NTFS partitions
• (ideally the kernel)

✔️ There should be four steps

• 1️⃣ Book the space create empty partition
• 2️⃣ Clear the old system clear old file system signatures in /dev/sda2

• 3️⃣ Prepare for the new system set partition type on /dev/sda2

• if you missed one of the four steps, you can run it with a command

• 4️⃣ Create the file system create new ntfs file system
• mandatory to enter step 4
• mkntfs -Q -v -F -L 'Win1032bitsKernel' '/dev/sda2/'
• mk: make
• ntfs: format is ntfs
• Win1032bitsKernel: label
• /dev/sda2: technical name of the partition

✔️ enter the mk command

• you will see
• ➡️ cluster size
• if I have a cluster size of 4096 Bytes = 4KB
• all the files should be a multiple of 4KB
• this is the cluster size of the windows partition
• and this would be the cluster size of all the disk, even in linux

• cluster size is always balanced

• 💡 in linux name of cluster size is block size

❓ What is the block size of this disk?
- 4KB

✅ When 0 operations pending

• it means the partitions are saved in the vdi
• now, iso is not needed anymore

✅ close the VM

• close from inside, to outside
• order should be Gparted > VM > RM
• 1️⃣ close black square
• 2️⃣ click on VM X: send shutdown signal, to delete the iso
• 3️⃣ close the tray and press enter
• 4️⃣ go to VirtualBox > settings > storage
• and check there is no iso

✅ Create a snapshot

• things that you just finished are called fresh
• name the snapshot fresh partitioning