1.13 Hardware specifications_2

📌 D. Boot System

Chip for booting the computer

• Boot System can
  • Depending on Physical aspect
  • Depending on Internal/logical aspect

☑️ Physical aspect of a booting system

1️⃣ CMOS Booting System

Tiny chip + Battery

• has a tiny chip + big battery
• battery is bigger than the chip
• this battery feeds the portions of the CMOS, that cannot lose electricity
• 🔋 battery gives electricity to things that cannot go off, things that has to be charged 24hours
  • for example, battery makes the watch(current data, time) updated
  • also, battery feeds the basic settings of the CMOS, like language settings and others
  • ❓ If this battery is totally off/empty, can we boot the computer?
  • Yes the computer will boot, bc the booting electricity itself will come by the power supply
  • However, the setting of the language, time would be weird/wrong
  • And the computer will have an error message

• 🔋 The rest of the electricity that the CMOS needs comes from the power supply
  

• in CMOS, the booting system is impossible to modify ❌
• unmodifiable/unchangeable booting system

• your booting system is trapped in the factory settings

• has a firmware in the booting system to boot the computer

2️⃣ FLASH Booting System

Bigger chip with no battery

• Flash: Technology of USBs
• Flash uses USB technology,
• so it uses NAND gates like USBs
• can modify/adopt/change the booting system of your computer ⭕️

❓ Which is the name of the booting system that you can adopt to your needs, without battery?
- FLASH

❓ Which is the name of the booting system you cannot modify, with battery?
- CMOS

☑️ Internal/Logical aspect of booting system

1️⃣ BIOS-legacy

basic booting
normally called BIOS-legacy

• little weaker booting system compared to UEFI

2️⃣ UEFI(Extended)

Extended booting
Also called BIOS-UEFI
Nowadays, the old BIOS is called legacy and the UEFI is called BIOS-UEFI
🤷🏻‍♀️ Thats why booting systems is many times called BIOS

• stronger booting system compared to UEFI

📌 E. Expansion Slots

For expanding the capability of my computer

☑️ Three types of Exansion Slots

1️⃣ AGP

Accelerated Graphics Port

• very old, outdated
• was used for graphics
• it is not used anymore

• has a lever

2️⃣ PCI

Peripheral Component Interconnect

• ⭐️ Peripheral
• For all types of expansions, not only graphics
• for example, if I want my computer to get an antena for TV, use PCI expansion slot
• for example, to do ecography on my computer, use PCI expansion slot
• to measure earthquakes, use PCI expansion slot
• to add bluetooth to my computer, use bluetooth PCI expansion slot
• If my computer does not have internet, use Ethernet PCI expansion slot
• use RJ45 PCI expansion slot to connnect my computer to internet

• No lever in the end ↔️ AGP
• normally white color

• no tiny slots ↔️ PCI-e

• 👎🏻 Half Duplex

❓ What does Half DUPLEX mean?
We can send or recieve information
one at a time
- like a walkie talkie
- If I am recieving, I cannot send

• These days, PCIs are disappering little by little
• we use PCI-e

3️⃣ PCI-e

• you can distinguish them physically bc it has tiny slots
• ↔️ PCI does not have slots
• lever is optional

• 🛠️ Use for job that requires fast speed

• 👍🏻 fast 🟰 e, Express
• 👍🏻 Bidirectional 🟰 FULL DUPLEX

❓ What does fast mean?
2.5Gbps per second
- 2.5 thousand million bits per second/per direction
- 2.5 thousand million bits per second/per send and recieve
- I can send 2.5 thousand million bits per second
- and recieve 2.5 thousand million bits per second at the same time
- This is bandwidth

❓ What does FULL DUPLEX mean?
We can send and recieve information at the same time
The card can send and recieve information at the same time
- Phone, two ppl can speak in a phone call at the same time

• ⭐️ EXAM: types of PCI-e
• PC1-e X1: 2.5Gbps/per direction
• PC1-e X4: 10Gbps/per direction(2.5 * 4)
• PC1-e X8: 20Gbps/per direction(2.5 * 8)
• PC1-e X16: 40Gbps/per direction(2.5 * 16)
• ⭐️ memorize bandwidth
• ⭐️ smaller the number ⬇️ physically shorter the slot ⬇️

📌 F. Storage Devices - Secondary Memory

• 🟰 External Memory 🟰 Harddisk

❓ Why is Secondary Memory External? It is inside the computer!
If the component is inside the mother board ➡️ internal
If the component is outside the mother board ➡️ external

- So, even if HD is inside the computer
- it is outside the motherboard,
- so HD is external

• In laptops, there could be some internal secondary memories
• bc they insert a HD on the motherboard
• then, it would be an internal HD
• However, if it is connected by a wire, outside PCB, then it is external secondary memory

☑️ Types of Secondary memory

1️⃣ HDD

Hard Disk Drive

• 1️⃣ has plates
• have a roation system

• when it turns, makes noise/sound

• 2️⃣ Slow 🐢

• plates have to rotate, move header to get data

• the 0, 1s in HDDs are physical
• surface of HDD would have hills and valleys
• valley trap the lazer
• hills reflect the lazer
• trap: 0
• reflection: yes light, 1

❓ What would happen if you scratch a HDD?
- The hills and valley would be destroyed
- making your 0 and 1s damaged
- so you would lose all the data

• 3️⃣ 👎🏻 Very vulnerable, non resitant to shocks

• should NOT be thrown, scratched

• 4️⃣ 👎🏻 Very vulnerable to vibration
• if there are vibration, lazer will not be reflected
• as plates would move
• you cannot get proper data

• cannot use HDD in a vibrating situation

• 5️⃣ Hard disk do not lose information in a long time
• as 0 and 1s are physical
• data is longlasting, as long as HDD is not damaged

• can last 30s~~~ of years

• 🛠️ So companies prefer use harddisks
• not to lose data for a long time

2️⃣ SSD

Solid State Disk

• use Cells and NAND gates
• have technology simillar to USBs
• in cells, save small 0 and 1s
• 1️⃣ everything is electricity
• no rotation ❌
• no sound ❌

• no movement ❌

• 2️⃣ Fast 🐇
• everything is done by electricity
• 0: 0.5v

• 1: 5v

• 3️⃣ 👍🏻 Nothing is moving, so vibrations do not affect the SSD

• 4️⃣ 👍🏻 Shock Resistant: More resistant to shock

• 5️⃣ In SSD for 0 and 1, use electricity
• need to lower, higher for 0.5v and 5v
• 👎🏻 at some point, the cells lose elasticity탄성(like 고무줄)
• they can lose information with time
• bc the cells get less elastic
• so between 0.5v and 5v, there can be electricity value like 3 and the data could be confused with another number

❓ How long would a SSD last?
- start to have problems more or less in 10years

• 🛠️ Personal users prefer SSD bc it is faster

☑️ Storage connector for HDDs

• IDE and SATA only apply to HDDs
• so IDE, SATA apply to plates

1️⃣ IDE

Integrated Drive Electronics
Also called Parallel ATA(Advanched Technology Attatchment)
PATA

PATA
- In computer parallel means bits travel in groupd
- ↔️ serial means bits travel one by one
- So in IDE, bits travel in parallel using the 40pin connectors

• 1️⃣ connect to Power: IDE has ATX-P3 for energy supply
• ATX-P3 has 4 thick pins for feeding the Harddisk
• 2️⃣ connect to Data: and 40 pin connector for data(gray color)
• So IDE has 2 connectors, for ATX-P3(4 pins), for energy, connected to power supply
• and 40 pin connector for data(gray color)
• and IDE 40 pin connector for data is connected to the mother board

• IDE is not actively in use anymore, disappearing trend

• 👎🏻 IDE 40 pin connector for data(gray color) is too big, too thick
• 👎🏻 Interference

• 💡 Rule of computer components: the bigger an element is, the more interference it can suffer

• 🛠️ It is still in use, in companies, servers
• as it is difficult to shut down a company server(Harddisk of a company)
• 🛠️ Also used for DVD readers

2️⃣ SATA

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

• 2️⃣ connect to Data: Data travel through very narrow cable/wire
• has an L shape
• SATA always end in L
• 👍🏻 Less interference

• 1️⃣ connect to Power/Electricity: set of several tiny/small pins, super thin
• not ATX-P3, not 4 pins
• as in SATA for supplying electricity, it uses more pins
• more pins splits/distributes the electricity better

• 👍🏻 so good in temperature/heat

• 👍🏻 Faster than IDE, PATA 🐇
• even it is serial

• bc even being serial, the speed of transmission is fast

• USB is also serial, but it is also fast
• bc the speed of transmission is fast
• Serial is always faster than parallel

❓ Which connector is faster?
- SATA
❓ Which connector has less interference?
- SATA
❓ Which connector is better in terms of heat?
- SATA

☑️ Storage connector SSDs

• use USB C for connector

✅ Solid State Disk types

Internal structure of the SSDs

1️⃣ 2.5 SATA SSD

• SSD on the motherboard
• internal memory

⚠️ SATA in internal strucutre of SSDs does NOT mean connector for HDD
SATA means speed/bandwidth in 2.5 SATA SSD

🤷🏻‍♀️ SDDs do NOT use SATA connector.
❗️ SATA connector is for HDD
💡 But as the 2.5 SATA SSD connector has the same speed as SATA connector for HDD, they call it SATA wires

• very compatible w any computer
• 2.5 means size of the disk

• SATA means speed, bandwidth

  • 1.5Gbps or multiple of 1.5
  • so there is also SATA with 3Gbps = 1.5 * 2^1 of speed/bandwidth
  • or 6Gbps = 1.5 * 2^2
• 2.5 SATA SSD: I want to buy a SSD that has speed 1.5Gbps and has size 2.5

• 👵🏻 old type of SSDs

• ↔️ has a special connector to connect to motherboard
• you cannot just connect SSD, need special connector, special help

2️⃣ M2 SATA SSD

• speed: again SATA speed, like 2.5 SATA SSD
• size is diffeent than 2.5 SATA SSD
• in M2, 2 means 22mm, so narrower and longer
• 👍🏻 When smaller, less interference

• 👍🏻 bc it is smaller, can fit more easily in computers, in all-in-ones, laptops…

• ↔️ has a special connector to connect to motherboard
• you cannot just connect SSD, need special connector, special help

3️⃣ M2 NVM2

Non-volatile Memory Express SSD

• express: fast
• not SATA speed anymore, faster than SATA speed
• size is also small
• 👍🏻 so small size and fast speed
• 👍🏻 low interference

• 👍🏻 most modern, and most efficient SSD

• ↔️ has a special connector to connect to motherboard
• you cannot just connect SSD, need special connector, special help

4️⃣ PCI-Express SSD

• one solid disk that you can insert in a PCI expansion slot
• do not need connector
• can just insert in PCI expansion slot
• You can just insert the SSD in the PCI expansion slot
• 👍🏻 do not need special connector, special help
• 👉🏻 PCI-Express SSD was invented for SSD to old motherboards that were not prepared for SSDs, that has no room for SSDs

❓ If a customer wants to insert a SSD in a old motherboard that has NO room for SSDs, what can you do?
- use a PCI-Express SSD

❓ In a vibrating environment what do you use?
- SSD

❓ For info you want to keep forever, what to you use?
-HD

❓ Low interference?
- SATA

❓ Why do we still have PATA?
- bc of servers, companies

❓ High speed?
- SATA

❓ If I do not have much space in my computer, but I want to add a SSD, what do I use?
- PCI-Express SSD

❓ If I need to choose between M2 and NVM2?
- recommend NVM2 bc it is faster

❓ Which has less interference? 2.5 SSD or M2 SSD?
- M2 bc it is smaller

📌 G. External Connectors

connectors for external elements

☑️ Types of External Connectors

1️⃣ Mini-DIN

• round connectors to connect mouse/keyboard

2️⃣ PS/2

• round connectors to connect mouse/keyboard
• mouse: green
• keyboard: purple

3️⃣ VGA

• for monitor

4️⃣ USBs

• high speed

✔️ Aspect of USBs

• USB type A: rectangular shape
• USB type B: smaller than A, square
  • USB type Micro B: if it is like a line

• USB type C: for chargers, tiny and less pins

• among A, B, C, smallest is C, biggest is A

❓ Which is the USB with biggest case format?
- A

✔️ USB speed

• USB 1: slow
• USB 2: faster than 1
• USB 3: faster than 2
• 1 < 2 < 3

❓ Which is the USB with fastest transmission speed?
- 3
❓ Which is the USB slowest?
- 1
❓ Which is the smallest USB?
- C

5️⃣ DVI

• for video

6️⃣ HDMI

• high definition

❓ Which is the connector for high definition?
- HDMI

7️⃣ RCA

• for audio and video
• professionals who need little vintage

8️⃣ Jack

• connector normally for audio

9️⃣ RJ45

• connector for internet

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